Twelfth Night Comedy Essays - Viola, Twelfth Night, Olivia

Twelfth Night Comedy The Twelfth Night is a Shakespearean romantic comedy that is filled with plenty of humor and lots of deception. It is frequently read as a play about masking, about the conscious and unconscious assumption of false identities and about levels of self-knowledge and self-deception; this theme is played out prominently through Viola's transsexual disguise (Kahn 43). The play is comprised of five acts and numerous scenes. However, I am only going to touch on one of these scenes in my paper. The scene I chose to write about is act V scene I. I chose this scene because it is the one that interested me the most, and I feel that it is also the scene with the most hidden meanings. Act V scene I, in my opinion, is a very complicated scene. I am going to discuss the part of the scene just before Sebastian enters, with Viola disguised as Cesario. Viola, in this part, is surrounded by many people all of whom think she is someone other than the person she actually is. This is where Viola/Cesario speaking to Olivia protests undoubtedly her love for Orsino by saying, "After him I love, More than I love these eyes, more than my life (Twelfth Night 5.1. 134)." Olivia, after hearing this, is confused and protests to Viola that they are married by saying, "Whither, my lord? Cesario, husband, stay (Twelfth Night 5.1. 141)!" Viola/Cesario denies this and is shocked by the accusation. Olivia continues to press the issue by getting the priest to confirm the marriage. It is at this point, when Orsino hears and believes the priest's confirmation of the marriage, that I feel he expresses signs of homosexuality towards Viola whom he still believes is Cesario. Orsino becomes filled with anger and jealousy towards Viola/Cesario saying, "Farewell, and take her, but direct thy feet where thou and I henceforth may never meet. (Twelfth Night 5.1. 166-167)." At some level, Cesario is a homosexual object choice for both Olivia and Orsino; at another, a heterosexual one (Kahn 44). I believe that at this part of the scene Viola/Cesario is experiencing some form of an identity crisis. Although she is a woman who has deceived everyone into believing she is a man, she is now becoming bewildered by a strange turn of events. She's being accused of denying having known Antonio and having beaten up Sir Toby Belch and Sir Andrew. She is being accused of acts that she has not done and has no recollection of ever doing. The reason she denies all of these wrong doings is because her brother, Sebastian, is responsible. This casts doubt in her mind as to who she really is and what is happening. Sebastian enters the scene and his entrance, in a way, relieves Viola of all the accusations she has endured. It was Sebastian who Antonio has been looking for; it was Sebastian who beat up Sir Toby Belch and Sir Andrew, and finally it was Sebastian who has married Olivia. We come to realize this when he says: I am sorry, madam, I have hurt your kinsman: But had it been the brother of my blood, I must have done no less with wit and safety. I do perceive it hath offended you: Pardon me, sweet one, even for the vows We made each other but so late ago. (Twelfth Night 5.1. 207-213) Antonio! O my dear Antonio, How have the hours rack'd and tortur'd me, Since I have lost thee! (Twelfth Night 5.1. 216-218) At this point everyone is stunned not knowing who is who. In a sense, everyone feels as if they are seeing double. It's ironic since Sebastian and Viola are twins. Once Viola and Sebastian realized they were brother and sister Viola feels as though she is free to cast off her masculine disguise and let everyone know that she is really a woman as she talks about putting back on her feminine clothes or her "maiden weeds (Twelfth Night 5.1. 253)." Karen Greif says that the recognition of identity is at first an experience involving only the reunited twins; but, as the facts of their kinship are brought forth, the circle of awareness expands to include Orsino and Olivia. They appreciate for the first time their shared folly in desiring the unobtainable and both discover true love in unexpected forms by sharing in the recognition of the twins' identities (53). Sebastian then turns to Olivia in an attempt to explain exactly what was going on and he

Dylan And The Sad Eyed Lady Of The Lowland Essays - Bob Dylan

Dylan And The Sad Eyed Lady Of The Lowland Essays - Bob Dylan Dylan and the Sad Eyed Lady of the Lowland Regarding significant musical movements in history, more specifically the twenty first century, few were more important than the folk revolution that took shape in the mid-nineteen hundreds. One of the leaders of this revolution was Robert Allen Zimmerman, known by his popular assumed name, Bob Dylan. Born in 1941 in Minnesota, Dylan grew up the grandchild of Jewish-Russian immigrants and had a surprisingly unexceptional childhood. His interest in music became evident in his high school years when he taught himself basic piano and guitar. From these rudimentary skills Dylan would build his knowledge and experience in music to his present status as a forefather of folk music in the rock era. Accordingly, a song from the pinnacle of his career embodies his style and poetic capabilities, acting as a reference point of the music it followed and the music that was to come. Sad Eyed Lady of the Lowland is an unmistakably remarkable example of the work of Bob Dylan in his finest hour. To fully understand the influence of Bob Dylan on the American folk revolution and his importance in the pop culture of today?s youth, one must first understand his background and development musically. First of all Bob Dylan was born in Minnesota, not a particular hub of musical activity. Author Bob Spitz makes a good point concerning Dylan?s birthplace. History has taught us that no matter how we change the environment it is impossible to change the man...After all, anybody is as their land and air is....If that is so, it is no wonder that Bob Dylan became such a luminous amalgam of showmanship and aloofness, spirituality and desolation, eloquence and exaggeration, individuality and schizophrenia. These seesawing extremes, among others, are indigenous to the historical landscape of northern Minnesota. (Spitz 9) For others this might have been a setback but for Dylan it was the perfect environment to nurture his interests, in music specifically. At the age of ten he was writing poems and by thirteen was setting them to music with self-taught piano and guitar skills. Dylan?s interest in music continued to climb as he entered Hibbing High School. During his high school years Dylan would become involved in musical productions and attempt forming many bands with such names as the Golden Chords and Elston Gunn and His Rock Boppers. He began to idolize such new rock stars as Elvis Presley and Jerry Lee Lewis to the point that his high school yearbook listed his goal in life as ?joining Little Richard?. An eighteen year old Dylan left his hometown of Hibbing in the fall of 1959 for college at the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. This would be his first taste of the big city and the life that awaited him. The sight and sounds of the big city opened many new vistas for the young Dylan and he took advantage of his situation by studying the roots of contemporary rock. He began to listen to the works of folk pioneers like Hank Williams, Robert Johnson, and Woody Guthrie. At the same time Dylan was beginning to perform solo at local Minneapolis night spots such as the Ten O?Clock Scholar cafe and the St. Paul?s Purple Onion Pizza Parlor. During this time Dylan was honing his guitar skills and harmonica work and developing his famous nasal voice which would become his trademark. Halfway through his college career Dylan decided it was time for a move. He packed up and moved to New York City with two main motivations. His primary motivation was to become part of the Greenwich Village folk-music scene which was burgeoning in the city. His second reason for moving was to meet his idle, Woodie Guthrie, who was in a hospital in New Jersey with a rare hereditary disease. Dylan would succeed on both counts. Not only did he meet Guthrie but he became a fixture at his bedside. As well, Bob Dylan was now a recognizable name among the folk clubs and coffee houses of New York. Dylan had a proficiency at learning songs perfectly the first time he heard them which was admired by his peers that, along with tireless song writing, brought him much acclaim. In the fall of 1961 Dylan?s life would change. A famous music critique saw him perform at Gerde?s Folk City and raved the following day in the New York Times. The result proved to be the break that Bob Dylan had been looking for. No more than a month after Shelton?s review Dylan was signed to

20 Must-Dos Before Finishing College

20 Must-Dos Before Finishing College College is a wonderful, magical time in a young person’s life. Unfortunately, it doesnt last long and there are some must-dos before finishing college. There is so much to learn and experience. For example, honing the skill of a perfect keg stand takes time, effort and a lot of practice. Since the mind of college students is so full from their education, they might forget there are other things happening outside the classroom. If you are one of those poor, unfortunate souls that have actually attended the vast majority of the semester’s lectures, it is time we gave you a proper college education. We won’t insult your intelligence by mentioning things like attending class drunk or going streaking. By now, you’ve either given those classics a try or you’ve determined you are too much of a pansy to live life on the edge. No, no. Here are 20 must-dos before finishing college. Grab your friends and get to work. Pick someone up in the bar. Use every cheesy pickup line you can think of until you actually score. Bonus points if it happens to be the hot bartender you’ve had your eye on.   This will help you to be more confident when meeting other people. Create total chaos in the middle of a class. Run in and declare your undying love for the lecturing professor or hottie sitting in the front row. To maximize the effect, make sure you don’t know the person. Do a Power Hour. Or, at least the light version of it. You are not a college student if you havent experienced hangover. Read this guide on how to cure hangover fast. Make a move on someone who is totally out of your league. Each person attracts others with certain characteristics. You can be funny, charismatic, open-hearted  - find your strong sides and use them in future. Suggest your RA to do something   inappropriate and fun with you. The point is to develop your skills of maintaining good relationships with someone who is older and wiser than you. Invite your professor to join you at the bar. Getting to know your professor better is not as weird as it seems. You are just supposed to build good relationships with someone who can help you with your future career but dont cross the line in student-teacher relationship. Protest something – anything. Of course, you can always join a group who already has a mission in mind. But it might be better to start your own protest. That way, you can put your foot down about something like having eight-hour workday or selling fast food on campus. Visit a foreign country. Spend as much time there as possible. Submerge yourself in the culture, make new friend, learn other language, try unusual food and have fun! Heres the list of destinations for college students. Write an opinion piece for your school newspaper. Passionately proclaim your ideas about a totally insignificant issue no one cares about. Or, take the total opposite opinion on something that is very mainstream. Throw an unforgettable college dorm party. Put the sweats away for a night and say no to dining service. Sleep outside. With or without a tent. With or without permission from the property owner. Try some foreign cuisine. And no, Chinese doesn’t count. Or pizza. Get something new and exotic. Bonus points if you make it a progressive dinner and hit up all the local restaurants you’ve never tried before. Watch out for the Indian food – it can get spicy! Sign up for a strange class – something totally unrelated to your major that you would never normally consider taking. Get your friends to join you so you can all be confused, grossed out, and/or awed together. Here youll find the list of the most fun classes you can take in college. Tag something on campus. Throw up a little graffiti in a location that is special/memorable to you. Hook up with someone in the stacks at the library. Bonus points if it is a total strange you convinced to put the studying down for a bit. Pull a fire alarm. Either do it at 3 AM or in the middle of final’s week when everyone is studying their brains out. Give them a well-deserved break. Drink in the library. Drinking in places that are not appropriate for that can be fun. However, dont get used to this. Otherwise, it wont be fun. It will be just inappropriate. Throw an â€Å"Anything But Clothes† costume party. A quick tip: dont get dressed in something that can be easily spoiled by drinks. Or, you will have to go howe naked. If its not what you want, choose durable materials for your NOT-clothes. Do something regrettable with your hair or to your body. Pink highlights or a terrible tattoo. Use your imagination. Play on an intramural team. Gather your friends and join a league for something totally ridiculous – like inter-tube water polo or broomball. Many people assume college is for furthering their education. However, this is not the only aim of college education. College is also about experimentation and developing skills which are useful for your adult life.

Respond to 4 students with no more than 60 words with 2 references Coursework - 1

Respond to 4 students with no more than 60 words with 2 references each - Coursework Example This made it possible for the author to convince the reader on the merits and demerits associated with each kind of level of measurement (Manheim, Rich, Willnat, & Brians, 2008). With that, decision making for researchers became much easier when it comes to the selection of measurement of validity for individual researchers (Reynolds, 2007). A major shortfall that characterisitcally shows up with reference to the author’s work has to do with the fact that not much background was given to the various levels of measurement of validity, namely nominal level, ordinal level, interval level, and ratio level (Frankfort-Nachmias & Nachmias, 2008). This not withstanding, much work was done by the author in giving a generalized background to research situations where the need to measure validity is more useful and this was sighted as quantitative study (Garger, 2010). Garger, J. (2010). 4 levels of measurement in social science.Methodology. Retrieved September 23, 2012 from http://johngarger.com/articles/methodology/4-levels-of-measurement-in-social-science-research Clearly, the author was more emphatic on some of the levels, particularly, the nominal and ratio than others. As this was done, it would have been more appropriate if specific instances where researchers could best use these two levels were also discussed into detail. Though much detail was given on the merits of the nominal level (Frankfort-Nachmias & Nachmias, 2008), not much specification was done for researchers who would want to settle on this type measurement to test the validity of their works (Farcao,

O2 trans Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

O2 trans - Essay Example For such a reason, chemical engineering based on this models treats the circulatory system as a chemical process, with the heart as an ultimate pump and blood vessels acting as pipes. However, the body which is termed as a chemical plant in this perspective since it is accorded with both the output and input systems and allows us to use mathematical equation for modeling oxygen transport. On the other hand, it is of great value to know the term diffusion and convection and towards learning and calculation of the rate of oxygen transport within a human body. This convection is much more dominant in the larger blood vessel like arteries. Also, diffusion occurs more likely within dominant small blood vessel including veins and capillaries. The entire breathing system often begins begin from the nose towards lungs, before finally dissolving in the water lining composed of alveoli. Oxygen hence clings into the red blood cells as they bypass through the alveoli capillaries. The entire circulatory system is mainly responsible for the transport of substances throughout the body. It transports water, oxygen and nutrients to billions of the body cells as well as carrying away of wastes that includes carbon dioxide produced by the body during the entire excretion process. It one of the most amazing highway that revolves through an individual’s entire body while connecting all the available body cells. The heart, lungs, and blood vessels work together towards forming the circular segment of the entire circulatory system. The heart plays a distinct role of pumping blood and keeping of the blood flow throughout an individual’s body. Blood vessels assist in transportation of blood from the heart to all the destined places. Their main role is to the aspect of oxygen transportation from outside into the entire bloodstream, and the release of carbon dioxide from bloodstream into the ultimate

The History Of Nike Inc Footwear Marketing Essay

The History Of Nike Inc Footwear Marketing Essay Nike Inc., develops and designs footwear, sportswear, apparels and equipment. They make the availability of goods in Nike stores, franchisee stores and online through the website www.nikestore.com . They organize, supports and sponsors main sports around the world as they think sports is the main key for being healthy and they also sponsors high profile athletes so that the people can follow their icons. Nike has a trademark logo Just Do It. Recently, many countries faced recession followed by sharp increase of inflation. Graph 1: Inflation Rate Graph (2002-2012). (Source www.usinflationcalculator.com) Inflation defined as a persistent increase in the level of consumer prices or a persistent decline in the purchasing power of money. In other words, the inflation tells the effect on the people life financially. When they see prices in stores going up they call it inflation. Price inflation is a result of monetary inflation. http://thefaintofheart.files.wordpress.com/2012/09/metamorphosis_11.png Graph 2: Inflation rate graph for Nike. As per the data collected from Indonesian Plant, the Nike shoes Cost $20.00 to the company, $35.00 to retailer and $70.00 to the consumer. The breakdown can be found in the table below. Production labor Materials Rent, equipment Suppliers operating profit Duties Shipping Cost to Nike $2.75 $9.00 $3.00 $1.75 $3.00 $0.50 $20.00 Research and development Promotion and advertising Sales, distribution, admin. Nikes operating profit Cost to retailer $0.25 $4.00 $5.00 $6.23 $35.00 Retailers rent Personnel Other Retailers operating profit Cost to consumer $9.00 $9.50 $7.00 $9.00 $70.00 (Including VAT) Table 1: Nike shoes cost breakdown. (Source http://www-personal.umich.edu/~lormand/poli/nike/nike101-8.htm ) Nike spend approx 12% of revenue on marketing every year that includes advertisement, endorsement fee that it pays to sports league and Team. A) Due to inflation there is less demand of the Product and to overcome the company has different strategies to reduce the cost of the production. As the company has a full time employee so the company will have a fixed cost which they need to give to the employee. Instead of fixed employee they can shift to part time employee and thus reducing the cost. They can also outsource their production to a country with low labor cost. They can also lower their material cost by using cheap materials like polyurethane instead of rubber for the shoe sole. The Company also needs to look into the factors like Fixed and Variable Cost. Fixed Cost basically a minimum quantity of inputs required by the firm to be in a business at all whether or not output is produced and Variable Cost by (Begg, 9th Edition) The Cost of hiring Variables inputs, typically labor and raw materials. If the Fixed cost is more than the variable cost than there would be low level of production but if variable cost is higher than fixed cost than the production of the company increases. Q TFC TVC TC AFC AVC AC MC 0 60 0 60 1 60 10 70 60 10 70 10 2 60 20 80 30 10 40 10 3 60 30 90 20 10 30 10 4 60 40 100 15 10 25 10 5 60 50 110 12 10 22 10 6 60 60 120 10 10 20 10 Table 3: Table for Marginal Cost. By the above chart we can see that MC Graph 3: Graph for TFC and TVC. B) Nike is a globally recognized brand which produces accessories, apparels and shoes for majorly sports and fashion. Nike introduced customization of shoes and focused on each and every group age. The brand already attached to many renowned sports personality like Michael Jordan, Lance Armstrong, Roger Federer and Tiger Woods. The brand had focused on every sport around the world. Income elasticity of demand (IED) examines how the quantity demanded responds to a change in consumer incomes. IED can be calculated as, IED = (% Change in Quantity Demanded) / (% Change in Income), Consider that the original and new income of my product is $100, $200 and Original and new demand is 25, 50 units respectively. IED = ((50 25) / 25) * ((200 100) / 100), = 1 Here we can see that IED is equal to 1 thus it is a normal good and income inelastic. The price elasticity of demand (PED) measures the responsiveness of quantity demanded to changes in the price of the good or service. The PED can be calculated as PED = (% Change in Quantity Demanded) / (% Change in Price), For example we can assume the price of shoe rose from $100 to $200, resulting in demand rising from 50 to 55 units. PED = ((55 50) / 50) / ((200 100) / 100), = 0.1 Here PED The Cross-Price Elasticity of Demand (CPED) measures the rate of response of quantity demanded of one good, due to a price change of another good. The CPED can be calculated as CPED = (% Change in Quantity Demand for X) / (% Change in Price for Good Y), If CPED > 0 then they are substitute goods. If CPED =0 then they are independent goods. If CPED (http://economics.about.com/) Nike substitute good is Adidas and they are horizontally integrated. Nike decides to increase the price of Adidas shoes. If the cost of Adidas shoes increases then there would be decrease in the demand of the Adidas shoes and the demand of the Nike shoes will increase as it will cheaper then Adidas. C) Market structure of Nike is that it should be available for every age groups and it will maintain a leading position to its competitors. Nike will make it sure that the goods are available at all stores around the world and it will make sure that it will fulfill the change in demand of the customers. They will also make sure that the quality products are reached to the customers at cheap costs. The main competitors of Nike are Reebok, Adidas and Puma. Reebok http://www.buyerden.com/media/text_img/Reebok_Logo.gif: Reebok main strategy is that to change the peoples mindset about the word fitness and to bring fitness around the world and they want to declare themselves as the world fittest company. They target is to invest more in marketing strategy rather than the infrastructure. Adidas http://preview.thenewsmarket.com/Previews/ADID/StillAssets/197410.jpg: Adidas focuses on marketing its products as they think that products are a selling goods. They spent huge amount of its revenue on marketing their product. They hire famous designers for the designing of the shoes. Puma http://www.roanokestar.com/imgs/home/puma%20logo.gif: Puma targets female group and female dominant region. They fulfill the demand of the customers on the perception of customers image rather than their needs. They also target middle-upper class group through there advertisement and it reflect it on there marketing strategy. Nike has different strategies with respect to his competitors The mission is to provide availability of products at every marketable place and exceed from all leading athletic companies. The company targets to be in a lead by providing quality products and innovative designs for all age groups. The Company guarantees the availability of every kind of products at all leading market and stores. To meet the changing demands of customers. Value the stakeholders, laborers and other communities in the executing of every strategy and decision. The company focuses on providing quality products on low prices to have bigger share in the market. (http://marketingmixx.com/) Graph 5: Profit prediction after the strategy. D) Nike segments its market according to demographic location as they wants their products to be available at every corner of the world as they treat every customers as equal. Nike make sure that the availbility of products for every age groups. They focuses on the sports as they think that sports make the people live their life in the healthy manner. Nike main product is Footwear and they try to innovate and designs their footwear according to sports and age groups. Nike make it sure that the products are available at every market place so that the customer can go and a grasp on a quality Footwear. They also target to provide their footwear with low cost in the country were the economy is low. The company will focus on different pricing strategies to attract customers. Nike will target on marketing through advertisement like television featuring high profile athletes using our product etc. There will be offers for every customer like buying a product will get discount in their next purchase. There will be loyalty cards where the customers can convert their buy into redeemable points. Special offers will be available for students like they can get extra discount into the existing discount if they show there student Identity card. E) Nike focuses on vertical integration to produce their products. The main parts of Nike footwear are upper (top of the shoes), midsole (the cushion of the shoes) and the outsole (lower sole). Nike outsource to different company to build these segments which led to low build cost. The company focuses on both local and global markets. Nike has earned its maximum of its revenue from North America, followed by Europe and a small share from countries like China and Japan. They are now targeting markets like South America, Russia, India and Pakistan for more revenue as there is a gradual rise in the economy of these countries. Due to inflation, there are fewer sales of products and therefore there is low output. Nike has suffered a lot due to that. Due to inflation there is a increase in the cost of material and the transportation of Nike. To Overcome Nike has decided that they will try to increase their product price and decrease their marketing budget. If the company is new to a particular country there is a lot of help provided by the government of the country like the government may exempt the taxes until unless they start making the profits. F) To overcome the foreign exchange losses, the company will invest in a country where currency is cheap. To do so the company needs to look into the big picture of the world economy like investing in the countries like Qatar, China, Argentina, Srilanka, India, Iraq etc as their Gross Domestic Product(GDP) are growing gradually. The gradual growing GDP of these countries ensures that their economy is stable and there are opportunities for the company to invest in these countries. If companies invest in countries like India they will have cheap labor, cheap raw materials as maximum of raw materials are exported from Asian countries, cost of production will go down means increase in profits.

Inequalities and Discrimination of Women In The Workplace

In countries such as Brazil, Bangladesh, Cyprus, Macao, Malaysia, the Republic of Korea, and Singapore, women earn 60 percent less than what men earn (256). Although U. S. figures aren†t as extreme as these, women face discrimination in the workplace. In 1999, women held only 5. 1 percent of top executive management positions, and only 3. 3 percent of companies† highest paid workers were women (256). The term glass ceiling is used to describe the situation in which qualified women aspire to fill high positions but are prevented from doing so by the invisible institutional barriers (256). Discrimination of women in the workplace is a result of men†s power and their reluctance to give up resources and their control over women and can be summed up for women of corporate America by looking at four categories. First, the quality of women†s work tends to be undervalued. Frequently, studies asking participants to assess a piece of work have found that it is evaluated less favorably when said to have been done by a women than when the same piece is attributed to a man (257). Although the tendency to favor a man†s work is not always found, when differences in evaluation are found they tend to favor men. Further, women†s successes tend to be attributed to â€Å"luck†, and competent women are sometimes described as â€Å"unfeminine†. Society†s distrust in women†s abilities results from the stereotypical roles which label women as less assertive and expert than men. A second form of discrimination of women in the work place involves making unjustified assumptions about women†s values. Whereas men are assumed to have values that tend to perpetuate the system, women†s values are assumed to challenge it. Felicia Pratto and her colleagues conducted a study testing the status of the positions for which men and women were most likely to be hired. They found that women were favored to fulfill hierarchy-attenuating jobs (jobs that seek to change the system or improve the lot of people who have been marginalized); men, on the other hand, were favored for the hierarchy-enhancing jobs (which maintain and strengthen the status quo). This was true even when applicants† resumes violated the stereotypes associated with men and women (I. e. men†s career history that indicated they were â€Å"attenuators† and women†s which indicated they were â€Å"enhancers†) (258). The work place is made especially difficult for women with children. Up until the 1970s, pregnancy or the potential for pregnancy was used as a justification for discrimination in the U. S. , allowing employers to routinely force women to leave their jobs or take unpaid leaves (259). Women were even excluded from jobs because they might get pregnant. Looking at current issues, however, the U. S. does not hold any government provision for paid maternity leave for female workers, often causing mothers to bear an economic cost which is not borne by fathers (260). Even when discrimination against mothers is not formal, our culture†s work-family dynamics disproportionately affects women†s careers. Much more women than men have primary responsibility for child care. Working mothers are judged by their community according to how well they parent and work but particularly according to how dedicated they seem to be to parenting. Women, generally, are expected to alter their work commitments when children have problems and are more harshly judged for not doing so (261). A fourth and final aspect of discrimination against women in the U. S. orkplace lies in the notion that they do not have equal right as men to be employed. The U. S. situation is not as extreme as countries such as Russia and China, where many government bureaucrats and factory managers assert to anyone willing to listen that women belong at home, because in the U. S. such public pronouncements are likely to create an explosion of protests. Still, though, the perception that women†s household duties should come before their careers is widespread. Whereas men carry the obligation to earn an income and support their family, the nurturer role is assumed most important for women (260). A review of 21 studies showed that between 16 and 46 percent of the identified lesbians, gays, and bisexuals surveyed reported that they had experienced some form of employment discrimination, as discrimination against individuals of these sexual orientations is legal in most workplaces in the U. S. Also, researchers found that lesbian and bisexual women earn about 13 to 15 percent less than heterosexual women. This is in part because they are more likely to be working in the lowest-paying female-dominated jobs, but it also suggest the impact of discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation (261). Understanding the circumstances that promote stereotyping and lead to discrimination of women in the workplace provides some clues as to how an organization could act to reduce them. Companies can make an effort not to isolate women in particular job categories. Company managers can avoid falling into the notion that specific jobs require â€Å"masculine† qualities by examining job-related assumptions. They can base judgments of whether workers should be hired or promoted on clear and concise criteria. Last, they can develop formal guidelines to be modeled and enforced by top-level management about how to avoid discrimination (265).